donghaiense cells to perform normal physiological functions are reflected by changes in cell surface parameters, including cell surface roughness, cell surface adhesion, and cell surface elasticity. Compared with the cells under normal culture conditions, the cell surface roughness and adhesion decreased, and the elastic modulus increased for cells under nitrogen limitation. Additionally, the changes in cell surface nanostructure and nanomechanical characteristics under nitrogen limitation were further studied. Moreover, the height and spacing of typical nanostructure, and nanomechanical parameters such as adhesion and elasticity, were also quantified by AFM. These structures had similar characteristics to those observed on scanning electron microscopy images. Typical ultrastructures, such as knob-like spines and valve pores, were observed on cell surfaces. Cells were immobilized in pores of polycarbonate membrane to keep moist and to acquire images of P. In this paper, atomic force microscopy was employed to study the harmful algal bloom species Prorocentrum donghaiense for the first time. 4University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.3Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.2Functional Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
1CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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